Lythraceae
Lythraceae J.St.-Hil. comprises approximately 31–33 genera and 620–650 species, distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, with several temperate representatives. Modern molecular phylogenetic studies have expanded the family by incorporating the former Punicaceae (Punica) and Trapaceae (Trapa). Members are characterized by opposite or whorled leaves, bisexual flowers with a persistent tubular hypanthium, numerous stamens, and capsular or berry-like fruits.
Key characteristics
- Herbs, shrubs, or trees
- Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, exstipulate
- Flowers bisexual with a conspicuous tubular hypanthium
- Stamens often numerous
- Ovary superior to half-inferior
- Fruit a capsule, berry, or nut
- Persistent calyx surrounding the fruit
Distribution
Lythraceae has a nearly worldwide distribution, occurring predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions, with numerous species extending into temperate climates. Members inhabit wetlands, riverbanks, marshes, forests, grasslands, agricultural fields, and ornamental landscapes. The greatest diversity occurs in Central and South America, tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. In Pakistan, members occur throughout the Indus Plain, Potohar Plateau, Salt Range, and northern mountainous regions. Species are commonly found along rivers, lakes, marshes, irrigation canals, cultivated fields, forest margins, and urban gardens. Punica granatum is widely cultivated, while Lawsonia inermis is common in warmer regions of.